Home›Series›PHP Algorithms›Chapter 02

Benchmarking & Performance Testing Intermediate

In the previous chapter, we learned that some algorithms are theoretically faster than others. But how do we prove it? How do we measure actual performance in PHP? In this chapter, we'll build a benchmarking framework to test our algorithms and validate our complexity analysis.

What You'll Learn

Estimated time: 75 minutes

By the end of this chapter, you will:

• Build a custom benchmarking framework to measure algorithm performance with nanosecond precision
• Learn to profile code execution time and memory usage using PHP's built-in tools
• Understand statistical analysis of benchmark results (min/max/avg/median/stddev) and growth rate patterns
• Master professional profiling tools like Xdebug, Blackfire, and APM solutions for production use
• Implement automated performance testing and regression detection in CI/CD pipelines

Prerequisites

Before starting this chapter, ensure you have:

• ✓ Understanding of Big O notation (60 mins from Chapter 1 if not done)
• ✓ Familiarity with PHP classes (15 mins review if needed)
• ✓ Completion of Chapters 0-1 (105 mins if not done)

Quick Checklist

Complete these hands-on tasks as you work through the chapter:

• [ ] Build the basic Benchmark class with hrtime() for high-resolution timing
• [ ] Create MemoryProfiler to track memory usage before and after operations
• [ ] Implement StatisticalBenchmark with min/max/avg/median/stddev calculations
• [ ] Benchmark sorting and searching algorithms with different input sizes
• [ ] Set up QueryProfiler for database query profiling and N+1 detection
• [ ] Create automated performance tests for CI/CD integration
• [ ] (Optional) Integrate with Xdebug or Blackfire for advanced profiling

Why Benchmark?

Big O notation tells us how algorithms scale, but it doesn't give us exact timings. Benchmarking helps us:

• Validate theoretical analysis with real-world data
• Compare implementations of the same algorithm
• Find performance bottlenecks in our code
• Make data-driven decisions about optimizations
• Understand PHP's performance characteristics

Building a Simple Benchmark Class

Let's create a basic benchmarking tool:

class Benchmark
{
    private array $results = [];

    public function run(string $name, callable $function, int $iterations = 1): float
    {
        // Warm up (run once to avoid cold start)
        $function();

        // Force garbage collection for clean measurement
        gc_collect_cycles();

        // Measure execution time
        $start = hrtime(true);

        for ($i = 0; $i < $iterations; $i++) {
            $function();
        }

        $end = hrtime(true);

        // Calculate average time in milliseconds
        $totalNanoseconds = $end - $start;
        $averageMs = ($totalNanoseconds / $iterations) / 1_000_000;

        $this->results[$name] = $averageMs;

        return $averageMs;
    }

    public function compare(array $tests, mixed $input, int $iterations = 100): void
    {
        echo "Benchmarking with input size: " . (is_array($input) ? count($input) : strlen($input)) . "\n";
        echo str_repeat('-', 60) . "\n";

        foreach ($tests as $name => $function) {
            $time = $this->run($name, fn() => $function($input), $iterations);
            printf("%-30s: %10.4f ms\n", $name, $time);
        }

        echo str_repeat('-', 60) . "\n";
        $this->printRankings();
    }

    private function printRankings(): void
    {
        asort($this->results);
        $fastest = reset($this->results);

        echo "\nRankings:\n";
        $rank = 1;

        foreach ($this->results as $name => $time) {
            $ratio = $time / $fastest;
            printf("%d. %-30s (%.2fx slower)\n", $rank++, $name, $ratio);
        }

        $this->results = [];
    }
}

How It Works

1. hrtime(true): High-resolution timer (nanosecond precision)
2. Warm-up run: Prevents JIT compilation from skewing results
3. Garbage collection: Ensures clean memory state
4. Multiple iterations: Averages out random variations
5. Results comparison: Shows relative performance

Using the Benchmark Class

Let's benchmark different search algorithms:

// Test data
$smallArray = range(1, 100);
$largeArray = range(1, 10000);

// Linear search
function linearSearch(array $arr, int $target): int|false
{
    foreach ($arr as $index => $value) {
        if ($value === $target) {
            return $index;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

// Binary search (requires sorted array)
function binarySearch(array $arr, int $target): int|false
{
    $left = 0;
    $right = count($arr) - 1;

    while ($left <= $right) {
        $mid = (int)(($left + $right) / 2);

        if ($arr[$mid] === $target) {
            return $mid;
        } elseif ($arr[$mid] < $target) {
            $left = $mid + 1;
        } else {
            $right = $mid - 1;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

// Hash lookup (using array keys)
function hashSearch(array $arr, int $target): bool
{
    return isset($arr[$target]);
}

// Benchmark
$bench = new Benchmark();

// Small array test
$bench->compare([
    'Linear Search' => fn($arr) => linearSearch($arr, 75),
    'Binary Search' => fn($arr) => binarySearch($arr, 75),
    'Hash Lookup' => fn($arr) => hashSearch(array_flip($arr), 75),
], $smallArray);

echo "\n\n";

// Large array test
$bench->compare([
    'Linear Search' => fn($arr) => linearSearch($arr, 7500),
    'Binary Search' => fn($arr) => binarySearch($arr, 7500),
    'Hash Lookup' => fn($arr) => hashSearch(array_flip($arr), 7500),
], $largeArray);

Output example:

Benchmarking with input size: 100
------------------------------------------------------------
Linear Search                 :     0.0012 ms
Binary Search                 :     0.0008 ms
Hash Lookup                   :     0.0003 ms
------------------------------------------------------------

Rankings:
1. Hash Lookup                   (1.00x slower)
2. Binary Search                 (2.67x slower)
3. Linear Search                 (4.00x slower)

Benchmarking with input size: 10000
------------------------------------------------------------
Linear Search                 :     0.1200 ms
Binary Search                 :     0.0015 ms
Hash Lookup                   :     0.0003 ms
------------------------------------------------------------

Rankings:
1. Hash Lookup                   (1.00x slower)
2. Binary Search                 (5.00x slower)
3. Linear Search                 (400.00x slower)

Notice how linear search gets dramatically slower with larger inputs!

Benchmarking Sorting Algorithms

Let's compare sorting algorithms:

// Bubble Sort - O(n²)
function bubbleSort(array $arr): array
{
    $n = count($arr);
    for ($i = 0; $i < $n - 1; $i++) {
        for ($j = 0; $j < $n - $i - 1; $j++) {
            if ($arr[$j] > $arr[$j + 1]) {
                [$arr[$j], $arr[$j + 1]] = [$arr[$j + 1], $arr[$j]];
            }
        }
    }
    return $arr;
}

// Quick Sort - O(n log n)
function quickSort(array $arr): array
{
    if (count($arr) < 2) {
        return $arr;
    }

    $pivot = $arr[0];
    $left = $right = [];

    for ($i = 1; $i < count($arr); $i++) {
        if ($arr[$i] < $pivot) {
            $left[] = $arr[$i];
        } else {
            $right[] = $arr[$i];
        }
    }

    return array_merge(quickSort($left), [$pivot], quickSort($right));
}

// Test with random data
$sizes = [10, 50, 100, 500, 1000];

foreach ($sizes as $size) {
    $data = range(1, $size);
    shuffle($data);

    echo "Array size: $size\n";

    $bench = new Benchmark();
    $bench->compare([
        'Bubble Sort' => fn($arr) => bubbleSort($arr),
        'Quick Sort' => fn($arr) => quickSort($arr),
        'PHP sort()' => function($arr) {
            sort($arr);
            return $arr;
        },
    ], $data, iterations: 10);

    echo "\n";
}

Memory Profiling

Performance isn't just about speed—memory usage matters too:

class MemoryProfiler
{
    private int $startMemory;

    public function start(): void
    {
        gc_collect_cycles();
        $this->startMemory = memory_get_usage(true);
    }

    public function stop(): int
    {
        $endMemory = memory_get_usage(true);
        return $endMemory - $this->startMemory;
    }

    public function profile(string $name, callable $function): void
    {
        $this->start();
        $result = $function();
        $memory = $this->stop();

        printf(
            "%s: %s\n",
            $name,
            $this->formatBytes($memory)
        );

        return $result;
    }

    private function formatBytes(int $bytes): string
    {
        $units = ['B', 'KB', 'MB', 'GB'];
        $i = 0;

        while ($bytes >= 1024 && $i < count($units) - 1) {
            $bytes /= 1024;
            $i++;
        }

        return round($bytes, 2) . ' ' . $units[$i];
    }
}

// Example: Compare memory usage
$profiler = new MemoryProfiler();

// Creating an array vs using a generator
$profiler->profile('Array (100K items)', function() {
    $data = [];
    for ($i = 0; $i < 100000; $i++) {
        $data[] = $i;
    }
    return $data;
});

$profiler->profile('Generator (100K items)', function() {
    $generator = function() {
        for ($i = 0; $i < 100000; $i++) {
            yield $i;
        }
    };

    // Consume the generator
    foreach ($generator() as $value) {
        // Process value
    }
});

Understanding Benchmark Results

Statistical Variation

Running the same test multiple times may give different results:

class StatisticalBenchmark
{
    public function runWithStats(string $name, callable $function, int $runs = 10): array
    {
        $times = [];

        for ($i = 0; $i < $runs; $i++) {
            $start = hrtime(true);
            $function();
            $end = hrtime(true);

            $times[] = ($end - $start) / 1_000_000; // Convert to ms
        }

        return [
            'name' => $name,
            'min' => min($times),
            'max' => max($times),
            'avg' => array_sum($times) / count($times),
            'median' => $this->median($times),
            'stddev' => $this->stddev($times),
        ];
    }

    private function median(array $values): float
    {
        sort($values);
        $count = count($values);
        $middle = (int)($count / 2);

        if ($count % 2 === 0) {
            return ($values[$middle - 1] + $values[$middle]) / 2;
        }

        return $values[$middle];
    }

    private function stddev(array $values): float
    {
        $avg = array_sum($values) / count($values);
        $variance = array_sum(array_map(fn($x) => ($x - $avg) ** 2, $values)) / count($values);
        return sqrt($variance);
    }

    public function printStats(array $stats): void
    {
        printf("Function: %s\n", $stats['name']);
        printf("  Min:    %.4f ms\n", $stats['min']);
        printf("  Max:    %.4f ms\n", $stats['max']);
        printf("  Avg:    %.4f ms\n", $stats['avg']);
        printf("  Median: %.4f ms\n", $stats['median']);
        printf("  StdDev: %.4f ms\n", $stats['stddev']);
    }
}

Growth Rate Analysis

Test with increasing input sizes to visualize Big O:

function analyzeGrowth(callable $algorithm, array $sizes, int $iterations = 10): void
{
    echo "Input Size | Time (ms) | Growth Factor\n";
    echo str_repeat('-', 45) . "\n";

    $previousTime = null;

    foreach ($sizes as $size) {
        $data = range(1, $size);
        shuffle($data);

        $bench = new Benchmark();
        $time = $bench->run("Size $size", fn() => $algorithm($data), $iterations);

        $growthFactor = $previousTime ? $time / $previousTime : 1.0;

        printf(
            "%10d | %9.4f | %.2fx\n",
            $size,
            $time,
            $growthFactor
        );

        $previousTime = $time;
    }
}

// Test bubble sort growth
echo "Bubble Sort Growth:\n";
analyzeGrowth(fn($arr) => bubbleSort($arr), [100, 200, 400, 800]);

Expected output:

Bubble Sort Growth:
Input Size | Time (ms) | Growth Factor
---------------------------------------------
       100 |    0.5000 | 1.00x
       200 |    2.0000 | 4.00x  (doubled size = 4x time)
       400 |    8.0000 | 4.00x  (confirms O(n²))
       800 |   32.0000 | 4.00x

Real-World Benchmarking Example

Let's optimize a practical function:

// Version 1: Check if email exists in database (naive)
function emailExists_v1(PDO $pdo, string $email): bool
{
    $stmt = $pdo->query("SELECT email FROM users");
    $emails = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_COLUMN);
    return in_array($email, $emails);
}

// Version 2: Use SQL WHERE clause
function emailExists_v2(PDO $pdo, string $email): bool
{
    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM users WHERE email = ?");
    $stmt->execute([$email]);
    return $stmt->fetchColumn() > 0;
}

// Version 3: Use EXISTS (most efficient)
function emailExists_v3(PDO $pdo, string $email): bool
{
    $stmt = $pdo->prepare("SELECT EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM users WHERE email = ?)");
    $stmt->execute([$email]);
    return (bool)$stmt->fetchColumn();
}

// Benchmark (assuming database connection $pdo)
$bench = new Benchmark();
$testEmail = 'test@example.com';

$bench->compare([
    'Version 1 (fetch all)' => fn() => emailExists_v1($pdo, $testEmail),
    'Version 2 (COUNT)' => fn() => emailExists_v2($pdo, $testEmail),
    'Version 3 (EXISTS)' => fn() => emailExists_v3($pdo, $testEmail),
], $testEmail, iterations: 100);

Common Benchmarking Pitfalls

Pitfall 1: Not Warming Up

// Bad: First run includes JIT compilation overhead
$time = benchmark($function);

// Good: Warm up first
$function(); // Warm-up run
$time = benchmark($function);

Pitfall 2: Small Sample Sizes

// Bad: Single run, unreliable
$start = microtime(true);
$function();
$time = microtime(true) - $start;

// Good: Average multiple runs
$times = [];
for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) {
    $start = microtime(true);
    $function();
    $times[] = microtime(true) - $start;
}
$avgTime = array_sum($times) / count($times);

Pitfall 3: Using microtime() Instead of hrtime()

// Bad: Low resolution (microseconds)
$start = microtime(true);
// ... code ...
$elapsed = microtime(true) - $start;

// Good: High resolution (nanoseconds)
$start = hrtime(true);
// ... code ...
$elapsed = hrtime(true) - $start;

Pitfall 4: Not Considering Overhead

// Measure loop overhead
$bench = new Benchmark();

$overhead = $bench->run('Empty loop', function() {
    for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
        // Empty
    }
}, 1000);

$withWork = $bench->run('Loop with work', function() {
    for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
        $x = $i * 2;
    }
}, 1000);

$actualWork = $withWork - $overhead;
echo "Actual work time: {$actualWork}ms\n";

PHP Performance Tips

Based on benchmarking, here are PHP-specific optimizations:

Tip 1: Pre-calculate count()

// Slow: count() is called in every iteration
for ($i = 0; $i < count($array); $i++) { }

// Fast: count() called once
$n = count($array);
for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) { }

Tip 2: Use isset() Over in_array()

// Slow: O(n)
if (in_array($key, $array)) { }

// Fast: O(1)
if (isset($array[$key])) { }

Tip 3: String Concatenation

// Slow: Creates new string each time
$result = '';
for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
    $result .= $i . ',';
}

// Fast: Build array then join
$parts = [];
for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
    $parts[] = $i;
}
$result = implode(',', $parts);

Professional Profiling Tools

While our custom benchmark class is useful, production applications benefit from professional tools.

Xdebug Profiler

Xdebug provides detailed profiling with function call traces:

// Enable in php.ini
// xdebug.mode = profile
// xdebug.output_dir = /tmp/xdebug
// xdebug.profiler_output_name = cachegrind.out.%p

function complexOperation(): void
{
    // Your code here
    processData();
    queryDatabase();
    renderTemplate();
}

// Generates cachegrind.out file
// Analyze with: qcachegrind cachegrind.out.12345

Xdebug provides:

• Function call times
• Memory usage per function
• Call graphs
• Number of invocations

Blackfire.io

Professional PHP profiler with beautiful visualizations:

// Install Blackfire probe and CLI
// Then profile any script:

// blackfire run php your-script.php

// Or profile web requests via browser extension
// Provides: flame graphs, call graphs, recommendations

Blackfire features:

• Comparison between profiles
• Automated performance testing
• Production-safe profiling
• SQL query analysis

Tideways / XHProf

Lightweight profilers suitable for production:

// Start profiling
xhprof_enable(XHPROF_FLAGS_CPU + XHPROF_FLAGS_MEMORY);

// Your application code
yourApplication();

// Stop profiling and get data
$xhprof_data = xhprof_disable();

// Save or display results
print_r($xhprof_data);

Profiling in Production

Safe Production Profiling

class ProductionProfiler
{
    private float $sampleRate = 0.01; // Profile 1% of requests

    public function shouldProfile(): bool
    {
        // Only profile a small percentage
        return (mt_rand() / mt_getrandmax()) < $this->sampleRate;
    }

    public function profileRequest(callable $handler): mixed
    {
        if (!$this->shouldProfile()) {
            return $handler();
        }

        // Profile this request
        $start = hrtime(true);
        $startMemory = memory_get_usage();

        try {
            $result = $handler();
        } finally {
            $duration = (hrtime(true) - $start) / 1_000_000; // ms
            $memoryUsed = memory_get_usage() - $startMemory;

            $this->logMetrics([
                'duration_ms' => $duration,
                'memory_bytes' => $memoryUsed,
                'endpoint' => $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] ?? 'cli',
                'timestamp' => time(),
            ]);
        }

        return $result;
    }

    private function logMetrics(array $metrics): void
    {
        // Send to logging service (e.g., CloudWatch, Datadog)
        error_log(json_encode($metrics));
    }
}

// Usage in your application
$profiler = new ProductionProfiler();
$response = $profiler->profileRequest(function() {
    return handleRequest();
});

Application Performance Monitoring (APM)

Integrate with APM tools for continuous monitoring:

// New Relic integration example
class NewRelicMonitor
{
    public function trackTransaction(string $name, callable $callback): mixed
    {
        if (extension_loaded('newrelic')) {
            newrelic_name_transaction($name);
            $startTime = microtime(true);
        }

        try {
            return $callback();
        } finally {
            if (extension_loaded('newrelic')) {
                $duration = microtime(true) - $startTime;
                newrelic_custom_metric('Custom/TransactionTime', $duration);
            }
        }
    }

    public function trackError(\Throwable $e): void
    {
        if (extension_loaded('newrelic')) {
            newrelic_notice_error($e->getMessage(), $e);
        }
    }
}

Database Query Profiling

Database queries are often the biggest bottleneck:

class QueryProfiler
{
    private array $queries = [];

    public function profile(PDO $pdo, string $sql, array $params = []): mixed
    {
        $start = hrtime(true);

        $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql);
        $stmt->execute($params);
        $result = $stmt->fetchAll();

        $duration = (hrtime(true) - $start) / 1_000_000; // ms

        $this->queries[] = [
            'sql' => $sql,
            'duration' => $duration,
            'rows' => count($result),
            'params' => $params,
        ];

        // Warn on slow queries
        if ($duration > 100) { // > 100ms
            error_log("Slow query ({$duration}ms): {$sql}");
        }

        return $result;
    }

    public function getReport(): array
    {
        $total = array_sum(array_column($this->queries, 'duration'));
        $slowest = max(array_column($this->queries, 'duration'));
        $count = count($this->queries);

        return [
            'query_count' => $count,
            'total_time' => $total,
            'average_time' => $count > 0 ? $total / $count : 0,
            'slowest_query' => $slowest,
            'queries' => $this->queries,
        ];
    }

    public function printReport(): void
    {
        $report = $this->getReport();

        echo "\nDatabase Query Report:\n";
        echo str_repeat('=', 60) . "\n";
        printf("Total Queries: %d\n", $report['query_count']);
        printf("Total Time: %.2f ms\n", $report['total_time']);
        printf("Average Time: %.2f ms\n", $report['average_time']);
        printf("Slowest Query: %.2f ms\n", $report['slowest_query']);
        echo str_repeat('=', 60) . "\n\n";

        echo "Individual Queries:\n";
        foreach ($report['queries'] as $i => $query) {
            printf(
                "%d. [%.2f ms] [%d rows] %s\n",
                $i + 1,
                $query['duration'],
                $query['rows'],
                substr($query['sql'], 0, 80)
            );
        }
    }
}

// Usage
$profiler = new QueryProfiler();
$profiler->profile($pdo, "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = ?", [1]);
$profiler->profile($pdo, "SELECT * FROM posts WHERE user_id = ?", [123]);
$profiler->printReport();

Detecting N+1 Query Problems

class N1QueryDetector
{
    private array $queryHashes = [];
    private int $threshold = 10;

    public function logQuery(string $sql): void
    {
        // Normalize SQL (remove specific values)
        $normalized = preg_replace('/\d+/', '?', $sql);
        $hash = md5($normalized);

        if (!isset($this->queryHashes[$hash])) {
            $this->queryHashes[$hash] = [
                'sql' => $normalized,
                'count' => 0,
            ];
        }

        $this->queryHashes[$hash]['count']++;

        // Alert on repeated similar queries
        if ($this->queryHashes[$hash]['count'] === $this->threshold) {
            trigger_error(
                "Potential N+1 query detected: {$normalized} executed {$this->threshold} times",
                E_USER_WARNING
            );
        }
    }
}

Memory Leak Detection

Detect and prevent memory leaks in long-running processes:

class MemoryLeakDetector
{
    private int $baseline;
    private int $threshold;

    public function __construct(int $thresholdMB = 50)
    {
        $this->baseline = memory_get_usage(true);
        $this->threshold = $thresholdMB * 1024 * 1024;
    }

    public function check(string $context = ''): void
    {
        $current = memory_get_usage(true);
        $increase = $current - $this->baseline;

        if ($increase > $this->threshold) {
            $mb = round($increase / 1024 / 1024, 2);
            trigger_error(
                "Possible memory leak detected{$context}: {$mb} MB increase",
                E_USER_WARNING
            );

            // Optional: dump memory info
            if (function_exists('memory_get_peak_usage')) {
                $peak = memory_get_peak_usage(true) / 1024 / 1024;
                error_log("Peak memory: {$peak} MB");
            }
        }
    }

    public function reset(): void
    {
        gc_collect_cycles();
        $this->baseline = memory_get_usage(true);
    }
}

// Usage in long-running script
$detector = new MemoryLeakDetector(50); // 50 MB threshold

for ($i = 0; $i < 10000; $i++) {
    processItem($i);

    if ($i % 1000 === 0) {
        $detector->check(" at iteration {$i}");
        $detector->reset(); // Reset baseline periodically
    }
}

CI/CD Integration

Automate performance testing in your deployment pipeline:

GitHub Actions Example

# .github/workflows/performance.yml
name: Performance Tests

on: [pull_request]

jobs:
  benchmark:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v2

      - name: Setup PHP
        uses: shivammathur/setup-php@v2
        with:
          php-version: '8.2'
          extensions: xdebug

      - name: Install Dependencies
        run: composer install

      - name: Run Benchmarks
        run: php tests/benchmarks/run-all.php --output=json > results.json

      - name: Compare with Baseline
        run: php tests/benchmarks/compare.php results.json baseline.json

      - name: Comment on PR
        uses: actions/github-script@v6
        with:
          script: |
            const fs = require('fs');
            const results = JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync('results.json'));
            // Post results as PR comment

Automated Benchmark Script

// tests/benchmarks/run-all.php
class BenchmarkRunner
{
    private array $results = [];

    public function runAll(): void
    {
        $this->results['sorting'] = $this->benchmarkSorting();
        $this->results['searching'] = $this->benchmarkSearching();
        $this->results['database'] = $this->benchmarkDatabase();
    }

    private function benchmarkSorting(): array
    {
        $bench = new Benchmark();
        $data = $this->generateTestData(1000);

        return [
            'bubble_sort' => $bench->run('bubble', fn() => bubbleSort($data), 10),
            'quick_sort' => $bench->run('quick', fn() => quickSort($data), 10),
            'php_sort' => $bench->run('native', function() use ($data) {
                sort($data);
                return $data;
            }, 10),
        ];
    }

    public function compareWithBaseline(array $baseline): array
    {
        $regressions = [];

        foreach ($this->results as $category => $tests) {
            foreach ($tests as $test => $time) {
                $baselineTime = $baseline[$category][$test] ?? null;

                if ($baselineTime && $time > $baselineTime * 1.1) {
                    $increase = (($time / $baselineTime) - 1) * 100;
                    $regressions[] = [
                        'test' => "{$category}.{$test}",
                        'baseline' => $baselineTime,
                        'current' => $time,
                        'increase' => $increase,
                    ];
                }
            }
        }

        return $regressions;
    }

    public function outputJSON(): void
    {
        echo json_encode($this->results, JSON_PRETTY_PRINT);
    }

    private function generateTestData(int $size): array
    {
        $data = range(1, $size);
        shuffle($data);
        return $data;
    }
}

// Run benchmarks
$runner = new BenchmarkRunner();
$runner->runAll();
$runner->outputJSON();

Performance Regression Detection

class PerformanceGuard
{
    private float $maxRegression = 0.10; // 10% slower is a failure

    public function assertPerformance(
        callable $function,
        float $baselineMs,
        string $name = 'test'
    ): void {
        $bench = new Benchmark();
        $actual = $bench->run($name, $function, 100);

        $ratio = $actual / $baselineMs;

        if ($ratio > (1 + $this->maxRegression)) {
            $increase = ($ratio - 1) * 100;
            throw new Exception(
                "{$name} performance regression: {$increase}% slower than baseline"
            );
        }

        echo "✓ {$name} passed: {$actual}ms (baseline: {$baselineMs}ms)\n";
    }
}

// Usage in tests
$guard = new PerformanceGuard();
$guard->assertPerformance(
    fn() => bubbleSort(range(1, 100)),
    5.0, // baseline: 5ms
    'bubble_sort_100'
);

Load Testing

Test performance under concurrent load:

// Simple parallel request simulator
class LoadTester
{
    public function test(string $url, int $requests, int $concurrency): array
    {
        $results = [];
        $batches = ceil($requests / $concurrency);

        for ($batch = 0; $batch < $batches; $batch++) {
            $start = hrtime(true);

            // Simulate concurrent requests (in reality, use tools like Apache Bench)
            $batchResults = $this->runBatch($url, min($concurrency, $requests - ($batch * $concurrency)));

            $duration = (hrtime(true) - $start) / 1_000_000_000; // seconds
            $results = array_merge($results, $batchResults);

            echo "Batch " . ($batch + 1) . " completed: {$duration}s\n";
        }

        return $this->analyzeResults($results);
    }

    private function runBatch(string $url, int $count): array
    {
        $results = [];

        // In reality, use curl_multi for true parallelism
        for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i++) {
            $start = microtime(true);
            file_get_contents($url);
            $duration = microtime(true) - $start;
            $results[] = $duration;
        }

        return $results;
    }

    private function analyzeResults(array $results): array
    {
        sort($results);
        $count = count($results);

        return [
            'total_requests' => $count,
            'min' => min($results),
            'max' => max($results),
            'mean' => array_sum($results) / $count,
            'median' => $results[(int)($count / 2)],
            'p95' => $results[(int)($count * 0.95)],
            'p99' => $results[(int)($count * 0.99)],
        ];
    }
}

// Better: Use Apache Bench from command line
// ab -n 1000 -c 10 http://localhost/api/endpoint

Practice Exercises

Exercise 1: Benchmark Array Functions

Compare these three ways to filter an array:

$numbers = range(1, 10000);

// Method 1: foreach loop
function filterLoop(array $arr): array {
    $result = [];
    foreach ($arr as $num) {
        if ($num % 2 === 0) {
            $result[] = $num;
        }
    }
    return $result;
}

// Method 2: array_filter
function filterBuiltIn(array $arr): array {
    return array_filter($arr, fn($n) => $n % 2 === 0);
}

// Method 3: array_filter with array_values (re-index)
function filterReindex(array $arr): array {
    return array_values(array_filter($arr, fn($n) => $n % 2 === 0));
}

// Your task: Benchmark these three methods

Exercise 2: Find the Bottleneck

This function is slow. Use benchmarking to find why:

function processUsers(array $users): array
{
    $result = [];

    foreach ($users as $user) {
        // Check if email is valid
        if (filter_var($user['email'], FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL)) {
            // Get user's posts
            $posts = getUserPosts($user['id']); // Database query

            // Count active posts
            $activePosts = 0;
            foreach ($posts as $post) {
                if ($post['status'] === 'active') {
                    $activePosts++;
                }
            }

            $result[] = [
                'name' => $user['name'],
                'email' => $user['email'],
                'active_posts' => $activePosts
            ];
        }
    }

    return $result;
}

Hint

Use benchmarking to isolate each part: email validation, database queries, and counting. The database query in the loop is likely the bottleneck (N+1 query problem).

Exercise 3: Create a Memory Profiler

Build a profiler that tracks memory usage across different operations:

class MemoryBenchmark
{
    // Your implementation here
    public function profile(string $name, callable $fn): void
    {
        // Track memory before and after
        // Store results
    }

    public function getResults(): array
    {
        // Return all profiled operations
    }
}

// Test it on operations that use different amounts of memory

Exercise 4: Detect Performance Regression

Write a test that fails if performance regresses more than 20%:

function testSortPerformance(): void
{
    $baseline = 10.5; // ms (from previous run)

    // Your code here to:
    // 1. Benchmark current performance
    // 2. Compare to baseline
    // 3. Fail test if >20% slower
}

Key Takeaways

• Always benchmark before optimizing—measure, don't guess
• Use hrtime() for precise measurements
• Run multiple iterations and calculate averages
• Consider both time and space complexity
• Test with various input sizes to confirm Big O analysis
• Warm up before measuring to avoid JIT overhead
• Watch for hidden costs in PHP functions

Completed Benchmarking & Performance Testing!Check the box when you've finished reading, or scroll to the bottom to auto-complete.

What's Next

In the next chapter, we'll dive deep into Recursion Fundamentals, learning to write elegant recursive solutions and understanding their performance characteristics.

💻 Code Samples

All code examples from this chapter are available in the GitHub repository:

View Chapter 02 Code Samples

Files included:

• 01-benchmark-framework.php - Complete benchmarking system with memory profiler, statistical analysis, and comparison tools
• README.md - Complete documentation and usage guide

Clone the repository to run the examples locally:

git clone https://github.com/dalehurley/codewithphp.git
cd codewithphp/code/php-algorithms/chapter-02
php 01-benchmark-framework.php

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Continue to Chapter 03: Recursion Fundamentals.